Standard #: MA.8.F.1.1


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Given a set of ordered pairs, a table, a graph or mapping diagram, determine whether the relationship is a function. Identify the domain and range of the relation.


Clarifications


Clarification 1: Instruction includes referring to the input as the independent variable and the output as the dependent variable.

Clarification 2: Within this benchmark, it is the expectation to represent domain and range as a list of numbers or as an inequality.



General Information

Subject Area: Mathematics (B.E.S.T.)
Grade: 8
Strand: Functions
Standard: Define, evaluate and compare functions.
Date Adopted or Revised: 08/20
Status: State Board Approved

Benchmark Instructional Guide

Connecting Benchmarks/Horizontal Alignment

 

Terms from the K-12 Glossary

  • Domain
  • Function
  • Range

 

Vertical Alignment

Previous Benchmarks

Next Benchmarks

 

Purpose and Instructional Strategies

In grade 7, students determined whether two quantities have a proportional relationship by examining a table, graph or written description and they determined the constant of proportionality. In grade 8, students work with linear equations with two variables and begin the introduction of functions. In Algebra 1, students will classify the function type and represent it using function notation.
  • A mapping diagram consists of a list of x-values and their corresponding y-values shown with an arrow.
    • An example of a mapping diagram can include domain and range values or x- and y-values.
      mapping diagram includes domain and range values or <math><mi>x</mi></math>- and <math><mi>y</mi></math>-values.
  • The “vertical line test” should be treated with caution because (1) it allows you to apply a rule without thinking and (2) it may create misconceptions for later mathematics.
  • Vocabulary is important in this benchmark as it connects to future learning related to domain and range.
  • Students should explain how they verified if the given context was a function or non-function (MTR.4.1). Students should provide counterexamples to deepen their knowledge of the relationships in functions.
    • For example, students can be asked to create x- and y-values that create relations that are functions and non-functions.
      relations that are functions and non-functions.
  • Domain and range can be shown as a list, an inequality or as a verbal description depending on how the relation is given. The inequalities can be represented as inclusive or non-inclusive as determined by the context.
    • For example, if a graph represents a real-world context, with non-negative values, with the equation y = 6x + 5, the domain and range can be described as below.
      • List
        A list cannot be used to represent this relation because it has infinitely many values.
      • Inequality
        Domain: x ≥ 0; Range: y ≥ 5
      • Verbal Description
        The domain is all real numbers that are greater than or equal to zero. The range is all real numbers that are greater than or equal to five.
    • For example, for the relation {(4, 12), (5, 15), (6, 18), (7,21), (8,24)}, the domain and range can be described as below.
      • List
        Domain: {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}; Range: {12, 15, 18, 21, 24}
      • Inequality
        An inequality, such as 4 ≤ x ≤ 8, cannot be used to represent this relation because it is based on a discrete set of values.
      • Verbal Description
        The domain is all whole numbers from four to eight, inclusive. The range is the multiples of three from 12 to 24, inclusive.

 

Common Misconceptions or Errors

  • Students may invert the terms independent and dependent variable. To address this misconception, focus on the vocabulary and relationship to the input and output.

 

Strategies to Support Tiered Instruction

  • Teacher reviews vocabulary and the difference between the terms. Once students understand that independent variables represent the input of the relation, they can make sense of real-world problems to accurately identify independent and dependent variables.
    • For example, in a scientific experiment one can determine that input as the variable that is controlled by the scientist. So the independent variable is the one that is controlled in the experiment and the dependent is the result of the experiment.
  • Teacher creates a matching activity with real-world situations. Students match dependent variable and the independent variable for the situation. Teacher facilitates discussion among students on their reasoning behind their matches from the activity in order to clear up any lingering misconceptions.
  • Instruction includes helping students see how no number within the domain is repeated when the relationship is a function.

Instructional Tasks

Instructional Task 1 (MTR.4.1)
A relation is shown below where x represents the independent variable and y represents the dependent variable.
(3, 4), (−2, 3), (7, 1), (−12 , 4) , (−2, 12)
  • Part A. Create a mapping diagram, table and graph to represent this relation.
  • Part B. Determine the domain and range of the relation.
  • Part C. Determine if the relation represents a function or does not represent a function and justify your decision.
  • Part D. If the relation is not a function, which point could be removed to make it a function? If it is a function, add a point that would no longer make it a function.

 

Instructional Items

Instructional Item 1
A relation is shown in the table below where x represents the independent variable and ?? represents the dependent variable. Decide whether the table can represent a function or cannot represent a function.
Table

Instructional Item 2
Identify the domain and range for the relation {(3, 8), (2, 3), (1, 0), (0, −1), (−1, 0)}.

 

*The strategies, tasks and items included in the B1G-M are examples and should not be considered comprehensive.


Related Courses

Course Number1111 Course Title222
1205050: M/J Accelerated Mathematics Grade 7 (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 - 2020, 2020 - 2022, 2022 - 2024, 2024 and beyond (current))
1205070: M/J Grade 8 Pre-Algebra (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 - 2022, 2022 - 2024, 2024 and beyond (current))
1204000: M/J Foundational Skills in Mathematics 6-8 (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 - 2022, 2022 - 2024, 2024 and beyond (current))
7812030: Access M/J Grade 8 Pre-Algebra (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 - 2018, 2018 - 2019, 2019 - 2022, 2022 and beyond (current))


Related Access Points

Access Point Number Access Point Title
MA.8.F.1.AP.1a Given a set of ordered pairs, a table or mapping diagram identify whether the relationship is a function.
MA.8.F.1.AP.1b Given a set of ordered pairs, a table or mapping diagram identify the domain and range of the relation.


Related Resources

Formative Assessments

Name Description
Which Sequences Are Functions?

Students are asked to determine if each of two sequences is a function and to describe its domain, if it is a function.

Recognizing Functions

Students are asked to determine whether or not each of two graphs represent functions.

What Is a Function?

Students are asked to define the term function and describe any important properties of functions.

Car Wash

Students are asked to describe the domain of a function given its graph.

Circles and Functions

Students are shown the graph of a circle and asked to identify a portion of the graph that could be removed so that the remaining portion represents a function.

Cafeteria Function

Students are asked decide if one variable is a function of the other in the context of a real-world problem.

Identifying Functions

Students are asked to determine if relations given by tables and mapping diagrams are functions.

Identifying the Graphs of Functions

Students are given four graphs and asked to identify which represent functions and to justify their choices.

What Is a Function?

Students are asked to define the term function including important properties.

Tabulating Functions

Students are asked to determine whether or not tables of ordered pairs represent functions.

Identifying Algebraic Functions

Students are asked to determine if each of three equations represents a function. Although the task provides equations, in their explanations students can use other representations such as ordered pairs, tables of values or graphs. 

Lesson Plans

Name Description
What's My Function?

Students will determine function rules that have been written on cards taped to their backs. They will suggest input values and peers will provide output values to help them determine their function. They will then graph their functions for additional practice.

Functions: Domain and Range

Students will identify if a graph represents a function and determine domain and range of the graphs.

An Introduction to Functions: How Much Are Playoff Tickets?

This lesson introduces functions with the real-world example of the cost of tickets for a playoff game. Also, students will determine if tables, graphs, or sets of ordered pairs represent linear functions and explain their reasoning.

From Tables to Graphs and Back!

Students will match corresponding sets of tables, graphs and linear equations in order to deepen their understanding of multiple representations of the relationships between dependent and independent variables.

Functions With Vertical Line Test!

This is an introductory lesson on functions. Students will review how to graph ordered pairs and learn how to use a function table. In addition, students learn the difference between functions and nonfunctions and how to distinguish between the two.

Getting Graphic with Linear Functions

Students will determine whether a function defined by a graph or an equation is a linear function, determine the rates of change and initial value from a table and graph, as well as be able to interpret what the rate of change means as it relates to a situation.

In the Real World

This resource provides a Lesson Plan for teaching students how to analyze real-world problems to look for clearly identified values and determine which of them is a constant value and which of them is subject to change (will increase or decrease per unit of time, weight, length, etc.). The students will also be taught how to determine the correct units for each value in an equation written in slope-intercept form.

The Speeding Ticket: Part 2 - Graphing Linear Functions

This lesson allows the student to learn about dependent and independent variables and how to make the connection between the linear equation, a linear function, and its graph. The student will learn graphing relationships and how to identify linear functions.

Function or No Function?

This resource provides a lesson plan for teaching students how to recognize relations and functions. They will distinguish which relations are functions and which are not.

How Much is My Cell Phone Plan?

In this lesson, shopping for cell phone plans provides a motivating context where students will compare and interpret the properties of two functions represented in different ways. The lesson starts with students examining and discussing an input/output table to identify rate of change and y-intercept. Students will each be assigned a group. Groups will solve two different problems involving cell phone plans. They must determine the rate of change, y-intercept, and the total cost after two years. Students will receive homework and have a summative assessment the next day.

What Are My Test Scores?

Students will define what a function is at the beginning of class. They will activate prior knowledge by playing "Four Corners." After that, there will be an investigation of what a function is and how it relates to the total questions on an assessment and the point value for each question. Then, students will analyze different assessments. and present their findings. For homework, students will have practice problems.

Original Student Tutorials

Name Description
Functions, Functions Everywhere: Part 1

What is a function? Where do we see functions in real life? Explore these questions and more using different contexts in this interactive tutorial.

This is part 1 in a two-part series on functions. Click HERE to open Part 2.

Driven By Functions

Learn how to determine if a relationship is a function in this interactive tutorial that shows you inputs, outputs, equations, graphs and verbal descriptions.

Problem-Solving Tasks

Name Description
Foxes and Rabbits

This task emphasizes the importance of the "every input has exactly one output" clause in the definition of a function, which is violated in the table of values of the two populations. Noteworthy is that since the data is a collection of input-output pairs, no verbal description of the function is given, so part of the task is processing what the "rule form" of the proposed functions would look like.

Function Rules

This task can be played as a game where students have to guess the rule and the instructor gives more and more input output pairs. Giving only three input output pairs might not be enough to clarify the rule. Instructors might consider varying the inputs in, for example, the second table, to provide non-integer entries. A nice variation on the game is to have students who think they found the rule supply input output pairs, and the teachers confirms or denies that they are right. Verbalizing the rule requires precision of language. This task can be used to introduce the idea of a function as a rule that assigns a unique output to every input.

US Garbage, Version 1

In this task, the rule of the function is more conceptual. We assign to a year (an input) the total amount of garbage produced in that year (the corresponding output). Even if we didn't know the exact amount for a year, it is clear that there will not be two different amounts of garbage produced in the same year. Thus, this makes sense as a "rule" even though there is no algorithmic way to determine the output for a given input except looking it up in the table.

Tutorials

Name Description
Dependent and Independent Variables Exercise

In an equation with 2 variables, we will be able to determine which is the dependent variable, and which is the independent variable.

Vertical Line Test

A graph in Cartesian coordinates may represent a function or may only represent a binary relation. The "vertical line test" is a visual way to determine whether or not a graph represents a function.

Video/Audio/Animations

Name Description
Real-Valued Functions of a Real Variable

Although the domain and codomain of functions can consist of any type of objects, the most common functions encountered in Algebra are real-valued functions of a real variable, whose domain and codomain are the set of real numbers, R.

Domain and Range of Binary Relations

Two sets which are often of primary interest when studying binary relations are the domain and range of the relation.

Student Resources

Original Student Tutorials

Name Description
Functions, Functions Everywhere: Part 1:

What is a function? Where do we see functions in real life? Explore these questions and more using different contexts in this interactive tutorial.

This is part 1 in a two-part series on functions. Click HERE to open Part 2.

Driven By Functions:

Learn how to determine if a relationship is a function in this interactive tutorial that shows you inputs, outputs, equations, graphs and verbal descriptions.

Problem-Solving Tasks

Name Description
Foxes and Rabbits:

This task emphasizes the importance of the "every input has exactly one output" clause in the definition of a function, which is violated in the table of values of the two populations. Noteworthy is that since the data is a collection of input-output pairs, no verbal description of the function is given, so part of the task is processing what the "rule form" of the proposed functions would look like.

Function Rules:

This task can be played as a game where students have to guess the rule and the instructor gives more and more input output pairs. Giving only three input output pairs might not be enough to clarify the rule. Instructors might consider varying the inputs in, for example, the second table, to provide non-integer entries. A nice variation on the game is to have students who think they found the rule supply input output pairs, and the teachers confirms or denies that they are right. Verbalizing the rule requires precision of language. This task can be used to introduce the idea of a function as a rule that assigns a unique output to every input.

US Garbage, Version 1:

In this task, the rule of the function is more conceptual. We assign to a year (an input) the total amount of garbage produced in that year (the corresponding output). Even if we didn't know the exact amount for a year, it is clear that there will not be two different amounts of garbage produced in the same year. Thus, this makes sense as a "rule" even though there is no algorithmic way to determine the output for a given input except looking it up in the table.

Tutorials

Name Description
Dependent and Independent Variables Exercise:

In an equation with 2 variables, we will be able to determine which is the dependent variable, and which is the independent variable.

Vertical Line Test:

A graph in Cartesian coordinates may represent a function or may only represent a binary relation. The "vertical line test" is a visual way to determine whether or not a graph represents a function.

Video/Audio/Animations

Name Description
Real-Valued Functions of a Real Variable:

Although the domain and codomain of functions can consist of any type of objects, the most common functions encountered in Algebra are real-valued functions of a real variable, whose domain and codomain are the set of real numbers, R.

Domain and Range of Binary Relations:

Two sets which are often of primary interest when studying binary relations are the domain and range of the relation.



Parent Resources

Problem-Solving Tasks

Name Description
Foxes and Rabbits:

This task emphasizes the importance of the "every input has exactly one output" clause in the definition of a function, which is violated in the table of values of the two populations. Noteworthy is that since the data is a collection of input-output pairs, no verbal description of the function is given, so part of the task is processing what the "rule form" of the proposed functions would look like.

Function Rules:

This task can be played as a game where students have to guess the rule and the instructor gives more and more input output pairs. Giving only three input output pairs might not be enough to clarify the rule. Instructors might consider varying the inputs in, for example, the second table, to provide non-integer entries. A nice variation on the game is to have students who think they found the rule supply input output pairs, and the teachers confirms or denies that they are right. Verbalizing the rule requires precision of language. This task can be used to introduce the idea of a function as a rule that assigns a unique output to every input.

US Garbage, Version 1:

In this task, the rule of the function is more conceptual. We assign to a year (an input) the total amount of garbage produced in that year (the corresponding output). Even if we didn't know the exact amount for a year, it is clear that there will not be two different amounts of garbage produced in the same year. Thus, this makes sense as a "rule" even though there is no algorithmic way to determine the output for a given input except looking it up in the table.



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