M/J United States History & Civics (#2100045) 

Clarification 1: Students will describe the basic beliefs of Judaism and trace the origins and history of Jews in Europe.

Clarification 2: Students will analyze how antisemitism led to and contributed to the Holocaust.

Clarification 3: Students will identify examples of antisemitism (e.g., making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing or stereotypical allegations about Jews; demonizing Israel by using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism to characterize Israel or Israelis).

Clarification 1: Students will explain the influence of ancient Greece on America’s constitutional republic (e.g., civic participation, legislative bodies, polis, voting rights, written constitution).

Clarification 2: Students will explain the influence of ancient Rome on America’s constitutional republic (e.g., civic participation, republicanism, representative government, rule of law, separation of powers).

Clarification3: Students will compare and contrast the democratic principles of ancient Greece and ancient Rome with those of the United States.

Clarification 4: Students will explain how the Judeo-Christian ethical ideas of justice, individual worth, personal responsibility and the rule of law influenced America’s constitutional republic.

Clarification 1: Students will recognize principles contained in the founding documents (e.g., due process of law, equality of mankind, limited government, natural rights, the rule of law).

Clarification 2: Students will explain why religious liberty is a protected right.

Clarification 1: Students will identify and describe the Enlightenment ideas of separation of powers, natural law and social contract.

Clarification 2: Students will examine how Enlightenment ideas influenced the Founders’ beliefs about individual liberties and government.

Clarification 3: Students will evaluate the influence of Montesquieu’s and Locke’s ideas on the Founding Fathers.

Clarification 1: Students will trace the causal relationships between British policies, British responses to colonial grievances and the writing of the Declaration of Independence (e.g., Stamp Act, Quartering Act, Declaratory Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act, Intolerable Acts).

Clarification 2: Students will recognize the underlying themes of British colonial policies concerning taxation, representation and individual rights that formed the basis of the American colonists’ desire for independence.

Clarification 1: Students will identify the unalienable rights specifically expressed in the Preamble of the Declaration of Independence (e.g., life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness).

Clarification 2: Students will explain the concept of natural rights as expressed in the Declaration of Independence.

Clarification 3: Students will recognize natural rights, social contract, limited government and the right of resistance to tyrannical government.

Clarification 4: Students will analyze the relationship between natural rights and the role of government: 1. People are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; 2. Governments are instituted among men to secure these rights; 3. Governments derive their just powers from the consent of governed; and 4. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it and to institute new government.

Clarification 5: Students will recognize the connection between specific grievances in the Declaration of Independence and natural rights violations.

Clarification 6: Students will recognize colonial grievances identified in the Declaration of Independence (e.g., imposing taxes without the consent of the people, suspending trial by jury, limiting judicial powers, quartering soldiers and dissolving legislatures).

Clarification 1: Students will explain how the Preamble serves as an introduction to the U.S. Constitution (e.g., establishes the goals and purposes of government).

Clarification 2: Students will identify the goals and purposes of the national government as set forth in the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution (i.e., form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity).

Clarification 3: Students will recognize that the intention of the phrase “We the People” means that government depends on the people for its power and exists to serve them.

Clarification 1: Students will explain the concept of limited government in the U.S. Constitution.

Clarification 2: Students will describe and distinguish between separation of powers and checks and balances.

Clarification 3: Students will analyze how government power is limited by separation of powers and/or checks and balances.

Clarification 4: Students will recognize examples of separation of powers and checks and balances.

Clarification 5: Students will recognize the influence of the U.S. Constitution on the development of other governments.

Clarification 1: Students will identify the viewpoints of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists about the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

Clarification 2: Students will recognize the Anti-Federalists’ reasons for the inclusion of a bill of rights in the U.S. Constitution.

Clarification 1: Students will compare and contrast the characteristics of a society that operates under the rule of law and one that does not.

Clarification 2: Students will assess the importance of the rule of law in protecting citizens from arbitrary and abusive uses of government power.

Clarification 3: Students will analyze the meaning and importance of due process in the United States legal system.

Clarification 4: Students will evaluate the impact of the rule of law on governmental officials and institutions (e.g., accountability to the law, consistent application and enforcement of the law, decisions based on the law, fair procedures, transparency of institutions).

Clarification 1: Students will define citizenship as stated in the 14th Amendment.

Clarification 2: Students will explain the process of becoming a naturalized citizen.

Clarification 3: Students will define permanent residency and explain its role in obtaining citizenship.

Clarification 4: Students will examine the impact of the naturalization process on society, government and the political process.

Clarification 1: Students will distinguish between an obligation or duty and a responsibility as it relates to citizenship. Responsibilities may include, but are not limited to, voting, attending civic meetings, petitioning government and running for office.

Clarification 2: Students will recognize the concept of the common good as a reason for fulfilling the obligations and responsibilities of citizenship.

Clarification 3: Students will evaluate the obligations and responsibilities of citizens as they relate to active participation in society and government.

Clarification 4: Students will use scenarios to assess specific obligations of citizens.

Clarification 5: Students will identify the consequences or predict the outcome on society if citizens do not fulfill their obligations and responsibilities.

Clarification 1: Students will recognize that the Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

Clarification 2: Students will recognize the five freedoms protected by the First Amendment.

Clarification 3: Students will evaluate how the Bill of Rights and other amendments (e.g., 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th, 26th) influence individual actions and social interactions.

Clarification 4: Students will use scenarios to identify rights protected by the Bill of Rights.

Clarification 5: Students will use scenarios to recognize violations of the Bill of Rights or other constitutional amendments.

Clarification 1: Students will recognize that rights are protected but some rights are limited (e.g., property rights, civil disobedience).

Clarification 2: Students will examine rationales for government-imposed limitations on individual rights (e.g., forced internment in wartime, limitations on speech, rationing during wartime, suspension of habeas corpus).

Clarification 3: Students will use scenarios to examine the impact of limiting individual rights.

Clarification 4: Students will examine the role of the judicial branch of government in protecting individual rights and freedoms.

Clarification 1: Students will examine the significance of juries in the American legal system.

Clarification 2: Students will explain types of jury trials, how juries are selected and why jury trials are important.

Clarification 1: Students will explain how elections and voting impact citizens at the local, state and national levels.

Clarification 2: Students will explain the origins of the Republican and Democratic political parties and evaluate their roles in shaping public policy.

Clarification 3: Students will explain how free and fair elections promote trust in democratic institutions and preserve the republic.

Clarification 1: Students will identify methods used by the media to monitor and hold government accountable (e.g., acting as a watchdog, freedom of the press as contained in the 1st Amendment).

Clarification 2: Students will identify methods used by individuals to monitor, hold accountable and influence the government (e.g., attending civic meetings, peacefully protesting, petitioning government, running for office, voting).

Clarification 3: Students will identify methods used by interest groups to monitor and influence government.

Clarification 1: Students will use scenarios to identify bias, symbolism and propaganda.

Clarification 2: Students will evaluate how bias, symbolism and propaganda can impact public opinion.

Clarification 1: Students will identify the appropriate level of government to resolve specific problems.

Clarification 2: Students will identify appropriate government agencies to address local or state problems.

Clarification 3: Students will analyze public policy alternatives to resolve local and state problems.

Clarification 1: Students will apply their understanding of various forms of government (e.g., republic, democracy, monarchy, oligarchy, theocracy, autocracy).

Clarification 2: Students will identify different forms of government based on their political philosophy or organizational structure.

Clarification 3: Students will analyze scenarios describing various forms of government.

Clarification 4: Students will explain how the application of checks and balances, consent of the governed, democracy, due process of law, federalism, individual rights, limited government, representative government, republicanism, rule of law and separation of powers distinguishes the United States’ constitutional republic from authoritarian and totalitarian nations.

Clarification 1: Students will apply their understanding of federal, confederal and unitary systems of government.

Clarification 2: Students will compare the organizational structures of systems of government.

Clarification 3: Students will recognize examples of these systems of government.

Clarification 4: Students will analyze scenarios describing various systems of government.

Clarification 1: Students will recognize the structure of the legislative, executive and judicial branches.

Clarification 2: Students will compare the roles and responsibilities of the three branches of the national government.

Clarification 3: Students will identify the general powers described in Articles I, II and III of the U.S. Constitution.

Clarification 1: Students will describe the system of federalism as established by the U.S. Constitution.

Clarification 2: Students will analyze how federalism limits government power.

Clarification 3: Students will compare concurrent powers, enumerated powers, reserved powers and delegated powers as they relate to state and national governments.

Clarification 1: Students will recognize the methods used to propose and ratify amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

Clarification 2: Students will identify the correct sequence of each amendment process.

Clarification 3: Students will identify the importance of a formal amendment process.

Clarification 4: Students will recognize the significance of the difficulty of amending the U.S. Constitution.

Clarification 1: Students will recognize how these amendments expanded civil rights to African Americans, women and young people.

Clarification 2: Students will evaluate the impact these amendments have had on American society.

Clarification 3: Students will examine how these amendments increased participation in the political process.

Clarification 1: Students will examine the processes of the legislative branch (e.g., how a bill becomes a law, appointment confirmation, committee selection).

Clarification 2: Students will compare local, state and national lawmakers (e.g., city/county commissioners/council members; state legislators [representatives and senators]; and U.S. Congressmen/Congresswomen [representatives and senators]).

Clarification 3: Students will compare and contrast the lawmaking process at the local, state and national levels.

Clarification 1: Students will examine the processes of the executive branch (e.g., executive order, veto, appointments).

Clarification 2: Students will compare and contrast executive authority at the local, state and national levels.

Clarification 3: Students will explain the function of administrative agencies (e.g., advise, make regulations, enforce law and regulations).

Clarification 1: Students will examine the processes of the judicial branch (e.g., judicial review, court order, writ of certiorari, summary judgment).

Clarification 2: Students will distinguish between the structure, functions and powers of courts at the state and federal levels.

Clarification 3: Students will recognize that the powers and jurisdiction of the state and federal courts are derived from their respective constitutions.

Clarification 4: Students will compare the trial and appellate processes.

Clarification 1: Students will explain how historical codes of law influenced the United States.

Clarification 2: Students will recognize natural, constitutional, statutory, case and common law as sources of law. state problems.

Clarification 3: Students will compare civil, criminal, constitutional and/or military types of law.

Clarification 1: Students will recognize landmark Supreme Court cases (e.g., Marbury v. Madison; Dred Scott v. Sandford; Plessy v. Ferguson; Brown v. Board of Education; Gideon v. Wainwright; Miranda v. Arizona; In re Gault; United States v. Nixon; Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier).

Clarification 2: Students will use primary sources to assess the significance of each U.S. Supreme Court case.

Clarification 3: Students will evaluate the impact of each case on society.

Clarification 4: Students will recognize constitutional principles and individual rights in relevant U.S. Supreme Court decisions.

Clarification 1: Students will identify the purposes of a constitution (e.g., provides a framework for government, limits government authority, protects individual rights of the people).

Clarification 2: Students will recognize the basic outline of the U.S. and Florida Constitutions (e.g., both have preambles, articles and amendments).

Clarification 3: Students will compare the amendment process of the U.S. and Florida Constitutions.

Clarification 4: Students will recognize the U.S. Constitution as the supreme law of the land.

Clarification 1: Students will describe and classify specific services provided by local, state and national governments.

Clarification 2: Students will compare the powers and obligations of local, state and national governments.

Clarification 1: Students will evaluate various economic systems (e.g., capitalism, communism, socialism).

Clarification 2: Students will compare the economic prosperity and opportunity of current nations.

Clarification 1: Students will recognize the difference between domestic and foreign policy.

Clarification 2: Students will identify issues that relate to U.S. domestic and foreign policy.

Clarification 3: Students will define “national interest” and identify the means available to the national government to pursue the United States’ national interest.

Clarification 1: Students will identify major international organizations in which government plays a role (e.g., North Atlantic Treaty Organization, United Nations, International Court of Justice, World Trade Organization).

Clarification 2: Students will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of U.S. membership in international organizations.

Clarification 1: Students will identify specific examples of and the reasons for United States’ involvement in international conflicts.

Clarification 2: Students will analyze primary source documents pertaining to international incidents to determine the course of action taken by the United States.

Clarification 3: Students will identify the different methods used by the United States to deal with international conflict (e.g., diplomacy, espionage, humanitarian efforts, peacekeeping operations, sanctions, war).

Clarification 1: Students will describe colonial forms of government prior to the American Revolution.

Clarification 2: Students will evaluate the Loyalists’ and Patriots’ arguments for remaining loyal to the British Crown or seeking independence from Britain.

Clarification 1: Students will discuss the impact of the rule of law on U.S. citizens and government.

Clarification 2: Students will recognize how the rule of law influences a society.

Clarification 3: Students will identify how the rule of law protects citizens from arbitrary and abusive government.

Clarification 4: Students will evaluate the impact of the rule of law on governmental officials and institutions (e.g., accountability to the law, fair procedures, decisions based on the law, consistent application and enforcement of the law, transparency of institutions).

Clarification 1: Students will identify constitutional amendments that address voting rights.

Clarification 2: Students will describe how specific constitutional amendments expanded access to the political process for various groups over time.

• Cultivate a community of growth mindset learners. 
• Foster perseverance in students by choosing tasks that are challenging. 
• Develop students’ ability to analyze and problem solve. 
• Recognize students’ effort when solving challenging problems.

• Help students make connections between concepts and representations.
• Provide opportunities for students to use manipulatives when investigating concepts.
• Guide students from concrete to pictorial to abstract representations as understanding progresses.
• Show students that various representations can have different purposes and can be useful in different situations. 

• Provide students with the flexibility to solve problems by selecting a procedure that allows them to solve efficiently and accurately.
• Offer multiple opportunities for students to practice efficient and generalizable methods.
• Provide opportunities for students to reflect on the method they used and determine if a more efficient method could have been used. 

• Establish a culture in which students ask questions of the teacher and their peers, and error is an opportunity for learning.
• Create opportunities for students to discuss their thinking with peers.
• Select, sequence and present student work to advance and deepen understanding of correct and increasingly efficient methods.
• Develop students’ ability to justify methods and compare their responses to the responses of their peers. 

• Help students recognize the patterns in the world around them and connect these patterns to mathematical concepts.
• Support students to develop generalizations based on the similarities found among problems.
• Provide opportunities for students to create plans and procedures to solve problems.
• Develop students’ ability to construct relationships between their current understanding and more sophisticated ways of thinking.

• Have students estimate or predict solutions prior to solving.
• Prompt students to continually ask, “Does this solution make sense? How do you know?”
• Reinforce that students check their work as they progress within and after a task.
• Strengthen students’ ability to verify solutions through justifications. 

• Provide opportunities for students to create models, both concrete and abstract, and perform investigations.
• Challenge students to question the accuracy of their models and methods.
• Support students as they validate conclusions by comparing them to the given situation.
• Indicate how various concepts can be applied to other disciplines.

2-3 Students include relevant textual evidence in their written and oral communication. Students should name the text when they refer to it. In 3rd grade, students should use a combination of direct and indirect citations.

4-5 Students continue with previous skills and reference comments made by speakers and peers. Students cite texts that they’ve directly quoted, paraphrased, or used for information. When writing, students will use the form of citation dictated by the instructor or the style guide referenced by the instructor. 

6-8 Students continue with previous skills and use a style guide to create a proper citation.

9-12 Students continue with previous skills and should be aware of existing style guides and the ways in which they differ.

In grades 1-2, students build upon these skills by justifying what they are thinking. For example: “I think ________ because _______.” The collaborative conversations are becoming academic conversations.

In grades 3-12, students engage in academic conversations discussing claims and justifying their reasoning, refining and applying skills. Students build on ideas, propel the conversation, and support claims and counterclaims with evidence.